Annotated Bibliographies
Maxmen, Amy. “Pharmacogenomics: Playing the Odds.” Nature, vol. 474, no. 7350, Sept. 2011, doi: 10.1038/474s9a.
According to this resource, pharmacogenomics can be used to personalize Hepatitis C patient treatment. Originally, treatment for that disease “had [been] avoided… for more than a decade because of it’s ugly side effects, including anaemia, fevers and sever depression.” Due to a lack of knowledge of the pharmacogenomics field and the information it can provide, people believed that they would either have to suffer through Hepatits C or suffer through its medicine’s side effects.
What they didn’t understand was that “if single ‘letter’ variations, called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with high impact can be found, then doctors might be able to use this information to personalize patient care, and researchers could delve into the function of the affected genes to better understand the disease and improve therapies.” In other words, slight differences in each person’s DNA can affect the way they metabolize medicine and, therefore, can affect the side effects and the usefulness. With knowledge of each person’s genetic makeup, those problems can be solved.
This source is credible because it is less than a decade old and uses a variety of facts that I have fact-checked and determined are said to be true with other sources. Also, they source several well-written academic articles that were written around the same time that the article was published, meaning that the information was timely.
I could potentially use this as a way to segue into my big question. This source gives credit to pharmacogenomics, which is the department of the biotech lab that I am interning in. I can use this article in addition to the knowledge that I gain from working in an actual pharmacogenomics laboratory.
According to this resource, pharmacogenomics can be used to personalize Hepatitis C patient treatment. Originally, treatment for that disease “had [been] avoided… for more than a decade because of it’s ugly side effects, including anaemia, fevers and sever depression.” Due to a lack of knowledge of the pharmacogenomics field and the information it can provide, people believed that they would either have to suffer through Hepatits C or suffer through its medicine’s side effects.
What they didn’t understand was that “if single ‘letter’ variations, called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with high impact can be found, then doctors might be able to use this information to personalize patient care, and researchers could delve into the function of the affected genes to better understand the disease and improve therapies.” In other words, slight differences in each person’s DNA can affect the way they metabolize medicine and, therefore, can affect the side effects and the usefulness. With knowledge of each person’s genetic makeup, those problems can be solved.
This source is credible because it is less than a decade old and uses a variety of facts that I have fact-checked and determined are said to be true with other sources. Also, they source several well-written academic articles that were written around the same time that the article was published, meaning that the information was timely.
I could potentially use this as a way to segue into my big question. This source gives credit to pharmacogenomics, which is the department of the biotech lab that I am interning in. I can use this article in addition to the knowledge that I gain from working in an actual pharmacogenomics laboratory.
Kayser, Manfred, and Peter de Knijff. "Improving Human Forensics through Advances in Genetics, Genomics and Molecular Biology." Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 12, no.3, Mar. 2011, pp. 179-192., doi: 10.1038/nrg2952.
According to this resource, there are currently a lot of limitations on the usefulness of DNA profiling, one of which is its relative newness and the lack of trust people have in it. Another thing that limits DNA profiling’s use in forensics is the fact that it can only identify known persons whom the authorities are investigating. There is, however, growth in other scientific fields that can be applied to forensics. As said in the article, “Such advances in genetics, genomics, and molecular biology are likely to improve forensic case work in the near future.”
This is a serious problem facing the world at large, as proved through this source. I trust this because, first of all, the site that I received the article from is Galileo, which then obtained the article from the journal, Nature Reviews Genetics which is reputable in its own way in the scientific community. Therefore, the information is credible and the problem is real.
My essential question asks if pharmacogenomic testing can be used in a forensic setting. This article talks about using different fields of science – including genomics – to advance forensic DNA profiling which, currently, is mistrusted in some courts due to contamination issues and mistakes. This article proves that bringing in other fields of research to forensics would aid the process and result in a better justice system.
According to this resource, there are currently a lot of limitations on the usefulness of DNA profiling, one of which is its relative newness and the lack of trust people have in it. Another thing that limits DNA profiling’s use in forensics is the fact that it can only identify known persons whom the authorities are investigating. There is, however, growth in other scientific fields that can be applied to forensics. As said in the article, “Such advances in genetics, genomics, and molecular biology are likely to improve forensic case work in the near future.”
This is a serious problem facing the world at large, as proved through this source. I trust this because, first of all, the site that I received the article from is Galileo, which then obtained the article from the journal, Nature Reviews Genetics which is reputable in its own way in the scientific community. Therefore, the information is credible and the problem is real.
My essential question asks if pharmacogenomic testing can be used in a forensic setting. This article talks about using different fields of science – including genomics – to advance forensic DNA profiling which, currently, is mistrusted in some courts due to contamination issues and mistakes. This article proves that bringing in other fields of research to forensics would aid the process and result in a better justice system.
Kupiec, Thomas C., et al. “Pharmacogenomics for the Forensic Toxicologist | Journal of Analytical Toxicology | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 1 Mar. 2006, academic.oup.com/jat/article/30/2/65/725916.
According to this resource, there is a certain dearth to research about pharmacogenomics which affects other fields where it could be useful, such as forensic toxicology. This resource talks about the connectivity between various individual polymorphisms and the reaction a person has to drugs. Specifically, the resource mentions the "dearth of research on the role of transport proteins and drug targets" in pharmacogenomics. The resource uses "tramadol, methadone, and oxycodone" to make the connection between pharmacogenomics and forensics.
These connections and research avenues are incredibly helpful towards enhancing pharmacogenomics and forensics. I trust this because, first of all, the site that I received the article from was a well-known scientific journal which specifies in this study of science. therefore, the information is credible.
My essential question asks if pharmacogenomic testing can be used in a forensic setting. This article talks about the connections between pharmacogenomics and forensics and techniques to advance each in order to more fully integrate the two fields of science into something that is mutually beneficial to everyone.
According to this resource, there is a certain dearth to research about pharmacogenomics which affects other fields where it could be useful, such as forensic toxicology. This resource talks about the connectivity between various individual polymorphisms and the reaction a person has to drugs. Specifically, the resource mentions the "dearth of research on the role of transport proteins and drug targets" in pharmacogenomics. The resource uses "tramadol, methadone, and oxycodone" to make the connection between pharmacogenomics and forensics.
These connections and research avenues are incredibly helpful towards enhancing pharmacogenomics and forensics. I trust this because, first of all, the site that I received the article from was a well-known scientific journal which specifies in this study of science. therefore, the information is credible.
My essential question asks if pharmacogenomic testing can be used in a forensic setting. This article talks about the connections between pharmacogenomics and forensics and techniques to advance each in order to more fully integrate the two fields of science into something that is mutually beneficial to everyone.